이글은 Korea Hetald June 11.4면 톱으로 보도된 이영일 의 영문 칼럼입니다
Until when will China support the Kim Jong-Il regime?
By Lee Young-il
The exchange of visits has become more frequent between China and North Korea since the turn of this year as it is the "China-DPRK friendship year." Since early spring, mutual visits by friendship delegations have continued in diverse sectors including not only party but government and private levels. I have pondered from various angles as to what grounds there are for China to lend support to North Korea since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China in 1992. Those grounds have so far been told by our academic circles as the following three kinds of views:
The first is that North Korea and China hold the communist ideology in common, as well as an alliance forged in blood through the Korean War. The next is that the geographical propinquity of the two countries constitutes a "dentilabial security relationship." The last is that reunification under the South Korean leadership would allow the South, supported by the United States and Japan, to expand its power into the Korean-Manchurian border, thereby imposing a burden on the security of China. Recently added to these is the refugee influx theory, stating that innumerable refugees would storm into China in the event of North Korea's collapse.
From the perspective of the 21st century realities of today, the foregoing three opinions have either expired already or are nothing better than unrealistic hypotheses inferred through empiricism. In the first place, the ideological commonality long ago disappeared, and the Cold War between the East and the West as international environment binding the two countries as blood-forged allies ended even earlier.
The United States and China, which fought during the Korean War, terminated combat situations long time ago, and the status of China has lately been enhanced to G2 to share responsibility with the United States to find a breakthrough in terms of global economic destiny. On top of this, the Chinese Communist Party that governs presently is no more a revolutionary party but a ruling one that governs China with other politically diverse and democratic factions.
In this respect, the character of the CCP differs entirely from that of the North Korean Labor Party that still pursues revolution. It is especially difficult to find anything ideologically in common with the KLP that holds fast not to an open but a closed posture toward the outside world while advocating the great leader theory. On the contrary, China today shares more common features with South Korea than the North as a system because the South, as a partner for strategic cooperation, is becoming China's significant companion for collaboration in a range of areas including politics, economy, security and culture.
Second, the dentilabial relationship hypothesis that many scholars have so far sympathized does not suit the situational logic either. Reviewing Deng Xiaoping's doctrine on war and peace, we cannot find any grounds to state that China and North Korea have dentilabial security relationship but they are mere neighbors that mountains and waters are connected between them.
Deng transformed the theory of inevitable war that Mao Tse-tung stressed into a theory of evitable war. Foreseeing that a peaceful era would continue without war between major powers during the upcoming 50 years in the first half of the 21st century, he viewed the possibility for Sino-American relations to turn inimical extremely low though cooperation and competition would crisscross.
Especially revising a theory that war is unavoidable as long as capitalist states exist, he advocated that the cause of war comes from the pursuit of hegemony in the modern world. He then emphasized that China would restore its major power status not with military but economic force while accelerating modernization of the nation and upholding an anti-hegemonic stance.
With specific reference to relations with its neighboring countries, Deng stated that China had maintained longstanding and stable relationships during the past periods with the 15 nations that shared immediate borders with China among the 29 states in its neighborhood. He said particularly that China would sustain cooperative relations of mutual benefit and equality without resorting to "great powers deceiving smaller ones or the strong despising the weak."
From such a novel point of view on situations, the ideological commonalities or the doctrine of dentilabial relationship as a bond tying China and North Korea has long been expired. But China still takes sides with the North's position on the issues of the Korean peninsula while consolidating its ties with Pyongyang. What is the reason for this?
Particularly, for what reason can China not repudiate North Korea, which places the onus on Chinese diplomacy by executing a nuclear test or firing ballistic missiles while ignoring U.N. resolutions and starving its own people?
China is known to worry about the possibility that refugees would flow into it if the North Korean regime suddenly collapses or bogs into chaos at this point in time. It is also said that China would hold on to its conservative position to sustain the regime until it finishes the assessment of the implications of South Korea-led reunification for the security of China because it is unclear how reunification under South Korean initiative would affect the political topography of Northeast Asia.
The refugee influx hypothesis, however, is tenable only when the great leader theory, which defines the North Korean people not as subjects the state should protect but as entities to consume for the purposes of maintaining the regime, gains power.
Should the North Korean regime turn into the one that would serve for the benefit of the people, the refugee exodus would never happen on North Korean soil that is accustomed to the tradition of family values. Such an exodus cannot take place if North Korea stops pursuing "the military-first politics" or "a great strong nation" and champions the "construction of a welfare society of low stage(shaokang society小康社會)" based on humanism as does China.
Because South Korea pursues cooperation with the neighboring major powers under the principle of mutual benefits and equality both before and after reunification, it does not intend to possess weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear arms, ballistic missiles, or aircraft carriers. It is because the possession would give rise to intervention and containment from those countries that feel security threats from the strategic weapons, and thus the reunification and security of South Korea would rather suffer a fatal blow.
While being surrounded by great powers, South Korea takes a road leading to a strong and affluent nation by cooperating with its neighbors, as does the Netherlands in Europe. If the Korean peninsula is reunified under the South Korean leadership, there would be no need for the U.S. forces to be stationed in Korea any longer, and the reunified Korea would play a major part in creating a new economic and security community in this region in close cooperation and exchange with China.
At present, China seems to aid the Kim Jong-Il regime that threats South Korea and harasses the United States with nuclear arms and ballistic missiles. Albeit this may let China obtain some diplomatic benefits between the United States and North Korea, the nuclear arms and ballistic missiles of North Korea do not suit the national interest of China from a long-term viewpoint. It is because the remilitarization of Japan would be accelerated and, furthermore, even South Korea would be tempted to possess strategic arms.
Additionally, China may not be said to have assumed an adequate role as a responsible major power in the international community unless the permanent member demands North Korea implement the U.N. Security Council resolutions and links compliance to its cooperation with North Korea.
For China, North Korea today is of no use at all, only a burden. China sometimes gets caught up in human rights disputes because of North Korean refugees wandering about on its territory. Until when will China assist the dictatorial regime of Kim but not the people of North Korea?
It is my earnest hope that China now converts its North Korea policy from supporting the Kim regime that adheres to the great leader's anachronistic dictatorship into a direction that would help the ragged and starved North Korean people who have fallen victims to the military-first politics.
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